<p>The current Franklin County Courthouse in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, built in 1865, is the third courthouse building on the site. The site was originally purchased from Colonel Benjamin Chambers in 1785.</p><br>
<p>The current building replaced its predecessor that was burnt on July 30, 1864 by Confederate forces under Brigadier General John A. McCausland in the American Civil War. McCausland was acting under the orders of General Jubal A. Early. Early was commander of the Shenandoah Valley, which was subject to much destruction by the Union forces. He was eager to retaliate against the North. Chambersburg deserved this retaliation, in his view, in part for its sympathy with John Brown while planning his raid on Harpers Ferry. McCausland offered the people of Chambersburg the chance to ransom the town for $100,000 in gold or $500,000 in greenbacks. When they did not pay, he carried on with the destruction of the town, including the second courthouse. Only the walls and pillars remained after the burning.</p><br>
<p>The current Greek Revival structure was designed by S. Hutton. The construction was superintended by Samuel Seibert. They designed and built the structure around the remaining walls and columns left from the previous courthouse. It stands two and half stories high, and is built of brick. There are fifty-four windows, twenty-two on each side and five each front and back. It features a domed clock cupola with a statue of Benjamin Franklin on top. There are also six symmetrically placed chimneys on the roof. It was expanded in 1902 in the same architectural style.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is a contributing property in the Chambersburg Historic District. Chambersburg is the largest Northern community that was burned in the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is included in the Chambersburg Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Southwest Virginia Museum Historical State Park is a Virginia museum, run as a state park, dedicated to preserving the history of the southwestern part of the state. It is located in Big Stone Gap, in a house built in the 1880s for Virginia Attorney General Rufus A. Ayers. It was designed and built by Charles A. Johnson. Construction began in 1888 and was completed in 1895.</p><br>
<p>The limestone and sandstone used on the exterior walls came from local quarries. Red oak lines the interior walls and ceilings. A small moat once surrounded the house.</p><br>
<p>The structure was acquired by the state in 1946 from a foundation managed by C. Bascom Slemp. Much of the museum collection focuses on the coal boom of the 1890s; there are also exhibits dedicated to the history of Big Stone Gap and the surrounding area, and the story of the pioneers that migrated westward during the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The historic Savannah – Ogeechee Barge Canal is one of the prime relics in the history of southern canals. Beginning with the tidal lock at the Savannah River, the waterway continues through four lift locks as it traverses 16.5 mi, before reaching another tidal lock at the Ogeechee River at Fort Stewart. Along the way, the canal passed through Savannah’s 19th century industrial corridor, former rice fields, timber tracts, and a still lush tidal river swamp and adjacent sandhill environment that is the characteristic habitat for several unique species of flora and fauna. Nowadays much of this area comprises the Savannah suburbs of Garden City and Pooler. The canal was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>1825 - 1890s</h2><br>
<p>The Savannah - Ogeechee Canal was an important and profitable enterprise during the mid-nineteenth century. Originally chartered in 1824, the 16.5 mi&#39;s of canal was completed in December 1830. Numerous problems (such as decay of wooden locks and repeated erosion of embankments) plagued the canal during its early days of operation. The parent company declared bankruptcy in 1836. A new company was formed that widened and improved existing structures within the canal. From the 1840s to the 1860s, the canal generally prospered and became an important element in the south Georgia economy.</p><br>
<p>The canal opened to transport in 1831 and became an important partner in the economy of south Georgia. Its impact on the lumber trade was particularly important with one of the nation’s largest sawmills located along the canal’s basin. Cotton, rice, bricks, guano, naval stores, peaches, and other goods also traversed the canal. Later in the century, the canal suffered a gradual decline. Heavy June rains seriously damaged the canal embankments in 1876 coupled with a yellow fever epidemic which fatally inflicted over 1,000 individuals. The canal had become more a public health nuisance than an economic asset. By the early 1890s, the canal ceased to operate as a transportation corridor as the Central of Georgia Railway brought various wharves, warehouses, and canal frontage properties.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Now a century after the canal ceased commercial operations, local citizens have started to restore and interpret the waterway and its natural environment. In cooperation with Chatham County’s Department of Parks, Recreation, and Cultural Affairs, the Savannah – Ogeechee Canal Society is working to turn the canal into a multipurpose linear park.</p><br>
<p>A.5 mi walk along the Heel or Tow paths provides a delightful and attractive setting to enjoy this unique waterway.</p><br>
<h2>Savannah-Ogeechee Canal Museum & Nature Center</h2><br>
<p>Currently most of the effort is expended at the Ogeechee River terminus near Lock 5 where the Savannah–Ogeechee Canal Museum & Nature Center is open. Exhibits highlight the canal’s history and the natural history of the local area. The museum also offers guided history and natural history tours of the area.</p><br>
<p>Gallinara or Isola d&#39;Albenga lies in the Ligurian Sea off the coast of Albenga in the Province of Savona, Liguria, Italy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On the island, then called Gallinara, Martin, destined to become Saint Martin of Tours, decided in his youth to seek shelter and live the solitary life of a hermit, before he joined Hilary of Poitiers in Gaul. The wreck of a Roman ship has been found in the waters of its coast.</p><br>
<h2>Nature conservation</h2><br>
<p>The island is now protected as the Riserva Naturale Regionale Isola Gallinara, a shelter for the herring gull, with one of the largest colonies of this bird in the Mediterranean, and for rare plant species and stretches of intact shallow sea floor.</p><br>
<p>It is also included in a SIC (Site of Community Importance) called Isola Gallinara (code IT1324908 ).</p><br>
<h2>Related articles</h2><br>
<p>List of islands of Italy</p><br>
<p>Hardy Lake, originally named Quick Creek Reservoir, is an Indiana state reservoir in Scott and Jefferson counties, Indiana. It is located four miles  east of Austin, Indiana and 35 mi north of Louisville, Kentucky. It is the smallest reservoir maintained by the state of Indiana, measuring 2,448 acre of total property, and 741 acre of surface area for the lake. The lake is approximately 38 ft deep.</p><br>
<p>Hardy Lake is surrounded by other state and federal properties. Fifteen miles to the north is the Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge, 12 miles to the northeast is Crosley Fish and Wildlife Area; 15 miles to the east is Clifty Falls State Park; 20 miles to the south is Clark State Forest; and 20 miles to the west is Starve Hollow S.R.A.</p><br>
<h2>Creation</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was constructed in 1970 by damming Quicks Creek. The state hoped the reservoir would provide a stable source of water for nearby communities in Scott County. The lakes water elevation does remain at a stable level, unlike the water elevations of most reservoirs. The dam that creates the reservoir is an earth filled dam, 52 ft high and 376 ft wide, downstream of 12 square miles of drainage area. The reservoir is now used as a back-up source of water for the Stucker Fork Conservancy District, whose primary source of water is the East Fork of the Muscatatuck River.</p><br>
<p>When Hardy Lake was completed, Indiana governor Otis R. Bowen hailed it as part of his goal of having a park controlled by the state of Indiana within driving distance of every Hoosier. Hardy Lake is part of a statewide system of reservoirs created during the 1960s and 1970s by the state of Indiana and the United States Army Corps of Engineers.</p><br>
<h2>Other uses</h2><br>
<p>Other features of the park include the McClain Cemetery, which dates back to the 18th century, a mound of Allegheny mound ants, foxfire, and a trail exclusively designed to test one&#39;s archery skills. Seasonal fishing and hunting are permitted within the park. The park contains a large population of fish including bluegill, catfish, black crappie, largemouth bass, redear sunfish, and tiger muskie. Animals available to hunt not only include the typical deer and turkey, but also quail, snipe, and woodchuck. The lake is open to boating and fishing and has four public access ramps. The park is also home several species of birds including the red-necked grebe, mute swan, snow goose, and black vulture. Red-shouldered hawks are particularly noteworthy and nest around the lake in early spring through mid-summer.</p><br>
<p>The states Division of Parks and Reservoirs maintains both primitive and modern camping sites in the park surrounding the lake. The park also includes a public swimming beach, bathhouses, and hiking trails making it a popular camping location. The Hardy Lake Sweep occurs annually at the lake when members of 4-H, the Boy Scouts of America and the Girl Scouts of the USA camp in the park for a weekend of work to clear the parks roads and shoreline of any litter.</p><br>
<p>Buckhorn Reservoir is a reservoir in Wilson County, North Carolina created by the Buckhorn Dam. The reservoir is the primary water supply for the city of Wilson, North Carolina. The original Buckhorn Dam was built in 1974, 1,000 ft upstream from the current dam. The reservoir at that time only had the ability to contain 800 e6USgal of water. In 1999, a new dam was constructed downstream from the older dam creating a reservoir with a much larger capacity. The new Buckhorn Reservoir covers an area of 2,300 acre, and has a capacity of 7 e9USgal when fully filled.</p><br>
<p>The dam itself is one-half mile long and was built with expansion in mind. The top of the dam was built to an elevation of 159 ft above sea level, however the lake is only filled to the 148 ft elevation. The dam is capable of holding another 6 ft of water, but that would require changes to the spillway design. A recent drought in 2007 caused the reservoir to drop to the 60% capacity level, which has elevated the issue of increasing the capacity of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is fed by two streams, Turkey Creek and Moccasin Creek. Water to be treated is not drawn from the reservoir itself, rather the outflow from the dam travels down Contentnea Creek to the Wiggins Mill reservoir, where the water is treated at the Wiggins Mill Water Treatment Plant.</p><br>
<p>Abó is a pueblo ruin in New Mexico that is preserved as part of the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. The ruins are located about 9 mi west of Mountainair, at about 6100 feet  above sea level. They are said to date back to the 14th century. It was a major trading station during its time. There is a visitor contact station, a 0.25 mile  trail through the mission ruins, and a 0.5 mile  trail around the unexcavated pueblo ruins. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<p>Abo is also the geological type locality for the Abo Formation, which is made up of sandstone red beds and is exposed to the northwest of the Abo ruins.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Abó appears to first enter the documentary historic record in 1583, when a visit to a site believed to be Abó was recorded by the Spanish explorer Antonio de Espejo. Spanish missionary work began there in 1622, and construction of the first church began in 1629. The community, composed of Tampiro-speaking Pueblo Indians, was recorded to have a population of more than 1,600 in 1641. It was abandoned around 1672, apparently due to drought and attacks by Apaches. The Spanish recorded that its residents moved to the Rio Grande valley, where they later sided with the Spanish in the 1680 Pueblo Rebellion.</p><br>
<p>The site was acquired by the state in 1938, which preserved it as a state historic site. In 1981 it was taken over by the National Park Service as part of the newly enlarged and renamed Gran Quivira National Monument, now the Salinas Pueblos National Monument.</p><br>
<p>Brattle Hall is a historic building at 40 Brattle Street in Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Colonial Revival building was constructed in 1889 for the Cambridge Social Union to a design by Longfellow, Alden & Harlow. The Union was established as a social club in 1871, and moved into the adjacent William Brattle House in 1889. The hall was built to house the organization&#39;s library, and to provide a space for larger meetings and social functions. Original Dutch Colonial in character, the building acquired more of a Colonial Revival styling with the addition in 1907 of the brick ends, as designed by architect Charles Cogswell.</p><br>
<p>The building continues to serve as a social center today. It houses the Brattle Theatre, a repertory movie house operated by a local non-profit, a restaurant in its basement, and a coffee shop on its first level.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and included in an expansion of the Harvard Square Historic District in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Cambridge Public Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts is part of the Minuteman Library Network. It consists of a main library and six branches, located throughout the city.</p><br>
<p>In fiscal year 2014, the city of Cambridge spent 1.63% ($7,064,381) of its budget on the library, $66 per person.</p><br>
<h2>Main building</h2><br>
<p>The main building of the Cambridge Public Library is an historic library building at 449 Broadway. It was built in 1888 with land and full construction funding donated by Frederick H. Rindge, a Cambridge native and philanthropist. Its Richardsonian Romanesque design was by Van Brunt & Howe. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>A $90 million expansion and renovation of the library, led by the Boston architectural firms William Rawn Associates and Ann Beha Architects, opened on November 8, 2009. The new addition more than triples the square footage of the building, and is the first building in the USA to make use of European Double-Skin Curtainwall technology. Architectural drawings and construction photos are available. During most of the construction, the library collection had been relocated to the Longfellow School.</p><br>
<h3>Museum of Science Community Solar System</h3><br>
<p>Prior to the renovation of the main library, the library was home to a scale model of the planet Saturn in the Boston Museum of Science&#39;s community-wide solar system model. Saturn was located just outside the portion of the building that housed the old stacks, roughly where the computer workstation sign-in table is currently located. The Saturn model was packed up and shipped back to the Museum of Science and was not positioned at the reopened renovated library. Other locations in Cambridge that still have models in the historic nine planet series are the Royal Sonesta Hotel (home of Earth) and the Cambridgeside Galleria mall (home of Mars).</p><br>
<h2>History of Organization</h2><br>
<p>The Cambridge Public Library developed out of the Cambridge Athenaeum, which was founded in 1849 as "a lyceum, public library, and reading room with a building on the corner of Massachusetts Avenue and Pleasant Street where Cambridge residents could borrow books at the cost of one dollar per year.</p><br>
<p>The City of Cambridge acquired the Cambridge Athenaeum in 1858 and renamed it the Dana Library for use as a city hall and a public library. By 1866 the Library moved to the corner of Massachusetts Avenue and Temple Street. In 1874, the library became free to the public and was renamed the Cambridge Public. The main building of the Cambridge Public Library at 449 Broadway was built in 1888.</p><br>
<h2>Branches</h2><br>
<p>Six smaller neighborhood branch libraries are scattered throughout the City of Cambridge. These are:</p><br>
<p>Boudreau Branch, 245 Concord Avenue, West Cambridge</p><br>
<p>Central Square Branch, 45 Pearl Street, Cambridgeport</p><br>
<p>Collins Branch, 64 Aberdeen Avenue, West Cambridge</p><br>
<p>O&#39;Connell Branch, 48 Sixth Street, East Cambridge</p><br>
<p>O&#39;Neill Branch, 70 Rindge Avenue, North Cambridge</p><br>
<p>Valente Branch, 826 Cambridge Street, East Cambridge</p><br>
<h2>List of databases</h2><br>
<p>As of 2014 the library arranges for its patrons and staff access to digital content from several providers:</p><br>
<p>The Cambridge Home for the Aged and Infirm is an historic building on 650 Concord Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1928 by the city, it is one of the oldest surviving municipal facilities for the housing of elderly and incurably ill patients, rather than indigents. It is now operated as Neville Place, an assisted living community managed by Senior Living Residences. The building was built in 1928 by Charles Reggio Greco and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cambridge Home for the Aged and Infirm is set on the south side of Concord Avenue, between it and the north shore of Fresh Pond in the western part of the city. The main building is a 2-1/2 story Georgian Revival brick structure, roughly in the shape of a W. It has a central main block, which is flanked on either side by wings that are essentially Y-shaped with a truncated stem. The frame of the structure is reinforced concrete, which is faced in brick. The main entrance is framed by a cast stone pedimented pavilion, with a keystone arch flanked by Doric columns.</p><br>
<p>The home was built in 1928 as a partial replacement for service that had previously been offered at the citys almshouse, and represents the first known instance of such a purpose-built facility in the state. The older facility had primarily been built to house able-bodied yet indigent people, and had been judged functionally obsolete as much as 15 years before this facility was built. This facility was designed by Charles Reggio Greco, a local architect who had produced designs for other municipal facilities. It remained the citys primary support for its aged and infirm population until the advent of Medicare in the 1960s. It then underwent conversion to a nursing home, and was again adapted for use as an assisted living facility in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the New Jerusalem  is a historic Swedenborgian church at 50 Quincy Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard University. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History of building</h2><br>
<p>The building was initially constructed in 1901 as a chapel to The New Church Theological School, which has moved to Berkeley, California and is doing business as the Swedenborgian House of Studies. It was designed by Herbert Langford Warren (1857–1917), founder of the Harvard School of Architecture (now the Harvard Graduate School of Design), a founding member of the Cambridge church, and son of a Swedenborgian missionary. It was built by the New Church Theological School on part of the Jared Sparks estate purchased in 1889 for the purpose of housing both a school and a Cambridge congregation of Swedenborgians. In 1965 a Parish House addition was constructed at the northeast corner of the chapel to designs by Cambridge architect Arthur H. Brooks, Jr. In 2002, the Swedenborg School of Religion sold the chapel to the Cambridge Society of the New Jerusalem, which was the incorporated congregation that had been with the chapel since its construction.</p><br>
<p>The building is a 1.5 story, gable-roofed, stone building in the English Gothic Revival style, constructed of rubblestone with Indiana limestone trim. The roof is green and purple slate. In plan, it is a rectangle, oriented east/west in the traditional manner of ecclesiastical architecture, entered through a one-story porch at the west end. On the west wall at either side of the porch are lancet windows with limestone hood moulds whose carved corbels represent the allegorical beasts of the four evangelists. The two lancets contain stained glass memorial windows representing "The Good Shepherd" and "Behold, I stand at the door and knock." The altar is located in a shallow, projecting one-story gabled chancel bay at the east end. Subsidiary projections include a shed roofed side entrance and chimney on the south elevation at the chancel crossing and a hip roofed projection on the north side that is now obscured by the 1965 Parish House addition. Limestone trim embellishes the exterior of the porch and the west wall.</p><br>
<h2>Congregation</h2><br>
<p>The congregation dates back to the 1880s, but did not formally exist until the construction of the building in 1901. Since that time, Swedenborg Chapel has been served by 9 pastors. The Rev. Sage Cole is the current pastor of the congregation.</p><br>
<p>Past Pastors</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. Theodore Wright</p><br>
<p>The Rev. William Worcester</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Everett Bray</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. George F. Dole</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Mr. Wilfred Gould Rice</p><br>
<p>The Rev. F. Robert Tafel</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Sarah Buteux</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Kevin K. Baxter</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Sage Cole</p><br>
<p>Like many Swedenborgian churches, the chapel serves as an interfaith wedding chapel.</p><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church is an historic American Baptist church at Magazine and River Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts within Central Square. In 1817 the church congregation was founded in the home of James Hovey. In 1844 several members of First Baptist Church left to found nearby Old Cambridge Baptist Church. First Baptist Church&#39;s current Gothic building was constructed in 1881 to a design by Hartwell and Richardson. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church is set just south of the main intersection at the heart of Central Square, on a roughly trapezoidal lot bounded by River Street, Green Street, Magazine Street, and Franklin Street. The church building is roughly L-shaped, with its front facing north toward the square. The long main section of the building houses the sanctuary, and the rear section, extending a short way to the west, houses a parish hall, offices and other facilities of the church.</p><br>
<p>The church is a tall single-story brick structure, with sandstone trim and decorative detailing in terra cotta, and has Gothic Revival styling. It has a gabled slate roof with a clerestory section near the top of the gable, with the rear section having a cross-gable roof. The slate is mainly gray-green, with bands of red. A tower rises at the northeast corner of the building, rising to an open belfry with lancet-arch windows at the third stage. Clock face sections with gabled tops interrupt the steeple, which is eight-sided, finished in slate.</p><br>
<p>The church is the third to be built by the Baptist congregation, which acquired the property in 1819. The first two churches, built in 1819 and 1866, were both destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>North Avenue Congregational Church  is a historic church meetinghouse at 1801 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is currently under renovation to become a library for Lesley University as part of the Lunder Arts Center complex.</p><br>
<h2>History of ownership</h2><br>
<p>The church was originally built in 1845 on Kirkland Street near Harvard Square, for the Old Cambridge Baptist Church congregation, to designs by local architect Isaac Melvin. It was sold to the North Avenue Congregational Society in 1866 at which time it was renamed the North Avenue Congregational Church. In 1867 it was moved up Massachusetts Avenue to a site immediately north of its current location. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and sold to Lesley University in 2006 subsequent to the movement of the congregation to Medford, MA.</p><br>
<h3>Lesley University</h3><br>
<p>The university used the former church primarily as an auditorium and lecture hall space following its purchase until preparations for the Lunder Arts Center began. Prior to renovation, the university sold or donated many of the church fixtures. A new home was found for the historic 18-foot organ, in a Texas church. The stained-glass windows, however, will be restored and will return to the building after renovations. In addition to the window restoration, the historic exterior details of the building will be restored. A cupola, which will be a reproduction of the former belfry c. 1900, will be added, with the original weathervane atop.</p><br>
<p>The renovated building, which will house an art library, will be part of the forthcoming Lunder Arts Center complex. The Lunder Arts Center will be the new home for Lesley&#39;s College of Art and Design (currently in the Kenmore area of Boston).</p><br>
<p>On December 5, 2013, the university moved the building approximately 100 feet south on its lot to make way for the new building at the corner of Massachusetts Avenue and Roseland Street, between the church and the adjacent University Hall building. The new location changes the building&#39;s address from 1803 Massachusetts Avenue to 1801.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The buildings simple, rectangular plan was originally four bays deep with a tall, multi-stage spire surmounting a projecting entrance portico; it then resembled Charles Bulfinchs New South Church in Boston (1814) though in Greek Revival form with Egyptian columns. The addition of a chancel and transepts in 1872 created a cruciform plan. The original three-stage tower and spire, similar to that of the New South Church, was damaged in a storm, and in 1906 its upper two round stages and spire were replaced with a square belfry and a copper dome. Today&#39;s eight-faceted spire was built in 1964 after the dome was struck by lightning and caught fire, and now only the pedimented first stage of the original steeple remains.</p><br>
<p>The Old Cambridge Baptist Church is an historic American Baptist church at 400 Harvard Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1844 when several members of First Baptist Church in Cambridge decided to start a new church. The original meeting house was sold to the Congregationalists and became North Avenue Congregational Church. In 1869 the church constructed the current meeting house, a larger Gothic revival stone building, designed by architect Alexander Rice Esty. Old Cambridge Baptist Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Built of local fieldstone and granite quarried in Somerville, Massachusetts, the building is a notable example of the muscular use of stone, typical of American Gothic Revival architecture. This solidity, coupled with Esty’s display of structural strength in the asymmetrical massing of forms, is further accentuated by the contrast between heavy gray stone and large, graceful, delicate stained glass windows, which the stone walls simultaneously reveal and protect.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, the original Parrish Hall was lost in a fire. The rebuild was under the direction of noted Boston Theater Architect, Clarence Blackall. The most notable feature of the reconstruction is an 1890 Tiffany & Company Window. This early Tiffany window bridges the gothic stained glass tradition and emerging art nouveau movement.</p><br>
<p>The church is currently home to various organizations and ministries, such as the Homeless Empowerment Project which publishes the Spare Change News street newspaper, the José Mateo Ballet Theatre, the Adbar Ethiopian Women&#39;s Alliance, the Cambridge Child and Family Associates, and others.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people affiliated with church</h2><br>
<p>Ezra Palmer Gould, pastor (1868), Christian author</p><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart Church, Rectory, School and Convent make up an historic Roman Catholic church complex at 6th and Thorndike Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The church was built in the 1870s and 1880s to serve the parish first organized as the St. John the Evangelist Parish in 1842. The cornerstone of the church was laid on 4 October 1874. It was dedicated in 1883, and opened for Divine Service on 12 November 1876. The rectory was added in 1885, and the convent and school followed in 1902. The church is a Medieval Gothic structure designed by P. W. Ford. The complex occupies an entire city block, and has been partly taken over for Cambridge city school administration.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 13 April 1982; #387395.</p><br>
<p>The 1870 Mount Auburn Cemetery Reception House is an historic building that originally served as the reception house of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The building is located at 583 Mount Auburn Street, across the street from the cemetery, and is no longer part of the cemetery. A new reception house was built on the cemetery grounds in 1896.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>When Mount Auburn Cemetery was opened in 1831, it quickly developed as a popular outing destination for the local population. Its popularity was such that the first horse-drawn trolley route in New England was built with a terminus at the cemetery&#39;s entrance in 1853. Demand for function spaces related to funeral activities also increased, prompting the cemetery trustees to consider building a reception hall.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery&#39;s first reception house was built in 1870 to a design by Nathaniel J. Bradlee, and is one of only two surviving designs of his in Cambridge. The building was commissioned by the cemetery trustees as a place to hold receptions and other functions. It is a single story building 46 ft wide and 30 ft deep, with a full-width porch supported by four tapered columns, and a projecting center gable supported by two additional columns. The gable and the frieze board above the columns are decorated with incised floral patterns, while the tympanum of the gable end has a cartouche for a clock.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It now houses a funerary monuments company.</p><br>
<p>The Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District encompasses the historical industrial complex of the Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company and its successor, the Worthington Pump and Machinery Corporation in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is located in a one-block area surrounded by Third, Rogers, Binney, and Fifth Streets. The property was developed by the Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company, one of the nation&#39;s leading manufacturer of industrial pumps from the late 19th century into the mid-20th century. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>George Blake was the owner of a brickyard in Medford who developed pumps for removing water from brickyard clay pits. Establishing a pump factory in Boston in 1864, he moved to this site in 1886. In 1879 he entered into a financial arrangement with Lucius Knowles, another pump manufacturer, and their two businesses were formally merged in 1897. By this time, the company was a nationally leading supplier of a diversity of industrial pumps. In 1916 it was merged with other pump makers to create the Worthington Pump Works. It provided pumps to the United States Army during World War I, nearly doubling the plant size so that it extended from Bent to Monroe Streets. This plant operated until 1927, when its manufacturing was relocated to Holyoke. Although the buildings were sold off for other industrial uses, the surviving ones have been remarkably little altered.</p><br>
<p>The surviving elements of the Blake and Knowles are located in East Cambridge, an area that became increasingly industrial as the 19th century progressed. They are located on a single block about 2.4 acre in size, bounded by Third, Fifth, Rogers, and Binney Streets. Buildings between Binney and Monroe associated with the company have been demolished, while a few surviving buildings between Rogers and Bent Streets survive in altered form. The complex consists of several machine shops, including its main (200 ft) shop, which extends along Rogers Street, and the plant office building, which is also known as the Kendall Boiler and Tank Company after a subsequent owner.</p><br>
<p>The William Brattle House is an historic house at 42 Brattle Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is one of the seven Colonial mansions described by historian Samuel Atkins Eliot as making up Tory Row. It remains in use by the Cambridge Center for Adult Education.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1727 for Major General William Brattle, at that time the wealthiest man in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the son of William Brattle and nephew of Thomas Brattle. After the 1774 incident known as the Powder Alarm, an angry mob surrounded the Brattle mansion and forced the family to flee to Boston. At age 70, Brattle left Boston for Halifax, Nova Scotia on Evacuation Day, March 17, 1776, and died a few months later on October 26, 1776. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia).</p><br>
<p>According to Edward Abbott, writing in 1859,</p><br>
<p>General Brattle conveyed all his real estate in Cambridge, December 13, 1774, to his only surviving son, Major Thomas Brattle... By the persevering efforts of Mrs. Katherine Wendell, the only surviving daughter of General Brattle, the estate was preserved from confiscation, and was recovered by Major Brattle after his return from Europe,—having been proscribed in 1778, and having subsequently exhibited satisfactory evidence of his friendship to his country and its political independence.</p><br>
<p>Nevertheless, the home was used temporarily as a headquarters by Thomas Mifflin and hosted a number of important figures from the early Revolutionary War period, including John Adams, who visited here before his trip to Philadelphia to sign the Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>For a time, the William Brattle House was home to American journalist Margaret Fuller. Fullers uncle Abraham owned the home at the time, and the Fuller family moved in shortly after Timothy Fullers unsuccessful campaign for lieutenant governor of Massachusetts as an Anti-Mason. They arrived in September 1831 and left by April 1833. The young Fuller did not enjoy her time here and referred to the opulent home as her "gilded cage". While living here on Christmas Day 1834, she ran out of a church service and had the inspirational thought "that there was no self; that selfishness was folly" and that she must teach herself to "act in cooperation with the constraints of life".</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, It is currently owned and maintained by the Cambridge Center for Adult Education, a non-profit organization that was incorporated in 1938. CCAE also owns the historic Dexter Pratt House.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 1707-1709 Cambridge Street is an historic multifamily house at 1707-1709 Cambridge Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1845, it is one of two identical surviving rental properties built by a local developer . The survival of their original building contracts provides an important window into the understanding of 19th century building practices. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>1707-09 Cambridge Street is located a short way east of Harvard Square, on the north side of Cambridge Street, opposite its junction with Felton Street and just east of 1715-17 Cambridge Street, its virtual duplicate. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof and clapboarded exterior. The roof is pierced by four dormers with fully pedimented gable fronts, their windows flanked by small pilasters rising to entablatures. The building corners are also pilastered, rising to an entablature that encircles the building. The side gables are also fully pedimented. A single-story porch extends across the front, with Doric columns supporting an entablature and hip roof. The facade is six bays wide, with entrances in the two center bays.</p><br>
<p>This house, the one next door, and two others since demolished, were all built in 1845 as speculative rental property for Royal Richardson, a prominent local real estate developer. When completed, the four identical buildings would have presented a striking appearance on the north side of Cambridge Street. The survival of the contracts for their construction adds to their importance in understanding 19th century building practices, which lacked plans but included detailed specifications that mentioned existing buildings whose features and elements were to be copied.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 1715-1717 Cambridge Street is an historic multifamily house at 1715-1717 Cambridge Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1845, it is one of two identical surviving rental properties built by a local developer . The survival of their original building contracts provides an important window into the understanding of 19th century building practices. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>1715-17 Cambridge Street is located a short way east of Harvard Square, on the north side of Cambridge Street, and its junction with Summer Road and just west of 1707-09 Cambridge Street, its virtual duplicate. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof and clapboarded exterior. The roof is pierced by four dormers with fully pedimented gable fronts, their windows flanked by small pilasters rising to entablatures. The building corners are also pilastered, rising to an entablature that encircles the building. The side gables are also fully pedimented. A single-story porch extends across the front, with Doric columns supporting an entablature and hip roof. The facade is six bays wide, with entrances in the two center bays.</p><br>
<p>This house, the one next door, and two others since demolished, were all built in 1845 as speculative rental property for Royal Richardson, a prominent local real estate developer. When completed, the four identical buildings would have presented a striking appearance on the north side of Cambridge Street. The survival of the contracts for their construction adds to their importance in understanding 19th century building practices, which lacked plans but included detailed specifications that mentioned existing buildings whose features and elements were to be copied.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 104-106 Hancock Street is an historic cottage at 104-106 Hancock Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1839, it is a significant local example of transitional Greek Revival/Gothic Revival architecture, and one of the earliest houses built after the subdivision of Dana Hill. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>104-106 Hancock Street stands in the Dana Hill area of Cambridge, between Central Square and Harvard Square north of Massachusetts Avenue. It is set on the east side of Harvard Street, nearly opposite its junction with Centre Street, and is oriented facing south. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The roof extends over a shallow front porch for its full five-bay width, supported by Doric columns. The main entrance is at the center of the main block, which is extended to the east by an enclosed porch.</p><br>
<p>The area was historically the estate of jurist Francis Dana, which was divided among his heirs after his death. The main mansion was sold out of the family at that time, and burned down in 1839, spurring family members to sell buildable lots from their holdings. This house and the nearly identical house next door were both built in 1839. They exhibit fairly typical modest Greek Revival elements, but also include early examples of Gothic detailing in an applied-wood Gothic arch over the windows in the street-facing gable end. This house underwent a number of alterations between its construction and the 1940s; these have been reversed in a historically sensitive rehabilitation.</p><br>
<p>The City Hall Historic District is a historic district  encompassing buildings important in the early growth of the Central Square area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. The focal point of the district is the monumental Richardsonian Romanesque Cambridge City Hall building on the north side of Massachusetts Avenue, two block west of the heart of the square. It also includes four buildings in the block just east of city hall, which is bounded by Bigelow and Temple Streets, Inman and Richard Allen Drives. City Hall was built in 1888 to a design by Longfellow, Alden & Harlow. Other buildings in the district include the Syrian Orthodox Catholic Church, built in 1822 and moved to 8 Inman Street from Lafayette Square in 1888, the 1888 Cambridge Mutual Fire Insurance Building at 763 Mass. Avenue, the 1912 Cambridge Electric Light Company Building at 719 Mass. Avenue, and the 1910 Cambridge YWCA at 7 Temple Street.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. In 1990, all of the district was also included in the larger Central Square Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Cloverden is an historic house at 29 Follen Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, two asymmetrically placed chimneys, and clapboard siding. A single-story porch extends across the front, supported by Doric columns. The Greek Revival house was built in 1837.</p><br>
<p>The house served as bachelor housing for Harvard University faculty in the 1850s, and was known as a center of hospitality where "the famous Roman Banquet was given", according to William Watson Goodwin. Prominent occupants include geology professor Josiah Dwight Whitney, and Mary Mann, the mother of education reform proponent Horace Mann.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The E.E. Cummings House is an historic house at 104 Irving Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The house was the childhood home of author and poet E. E. Cummings. The Colonial Revival house was built in 1893 for Cummings&#39; parents, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cummings house is set on a roughly triangular parcel formed by the junction of Irving and Scott Streets in the Shady Hill neighborhood east of Harvard University. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure with Colonial Revival massing and features. It has a projecting dentillated cornice below the gabled roof, and a porch supported by Tuscan columns. There is a projecting bay section at the center of the main facade to the left of the entry, and a single-story bay to its right. Windows are generally 1-over-1 sash, and the front entrance door is topped by a multilight transom window. Dormers of varying style project from the main roof.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Walker and Kimball for Edward E. Cummings, a professor at Harvard and a local pastor, and was built in 1893. Cummings&#39; son the poet E. E. Cummings, was born here the following year, and lived here until he graduated from Harvard (BA 1915, MA 1917), and moved to New York City. Cummings described the house in his six nonlectures: "My own home faced the Cambridge world as a finely and solidly constructed mansion, preceded by a large oval lawn and ringed with an imposing white-pine hedge," and "The big Cambridge house was in this respect, as in all other respects, a true home."</p><br>
<p>259 Mount Auburn Street is a small historic house built in the Italianate style of architecture located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Details surrounding the construction of the house are unclear, because it was apparently moved to the site where it currently resides in the late 1850s. Its Italianate styling places its construction right around 1850, and its small size (22 by 18) suggests that it might have originally been built as a railroad depot, probably from the Watertown Branch Railroad. It is two stories in height, with a shallow-pitch hip roof that extends to an unusual length beyond the walls, and is supported by large decorative brackets.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Dana-Palmer House is an historic house at 12-16 Quincy Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The two story wood frame house was built in 1822, and is basically Federal in its styling, although it has a Greek Revival porch. The house was built on land belonging to the Dana family, and was occupied by Richard Henry Dana, Sr. among others, before its acquisition by Harvard University in 1835. From 1839 to 1843 the building was used as Harvard&#39;s first astronomical observatory, before being converted for use as a residence for its professors. One of its residents of long tenure was George Herbert Palmer, who lived there for nearly forty years. In 1947 the house was moved to its present location, and alterations made for its astronomical uses were reversed.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Dunvegan is an historic apartment building at 1654 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was built in 1898 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>According to a promotional booklet published in 1899, its name is derived from that of Scotlands Dunvegan Castle, whose coat of arms is worked into the apartments stained glass windows. It was constructed 25 feet from its adjoining apartment block, The Montrose, with which it connects via an underground passage. Both buildings are of the same height and similar size (six stories, with a frontage of eighty-five feet), built of the same materials, and with a similar architectural appearance, although the Montroses floorplan is roughly rectangular but the Dunvegans is triangular.</p><br>
<p>The Dunvegans vestibules, front hall, and stairway are finished in Siena marble, mahogany, and mosaic floors. Each of its twelve suites originally consisted of ten rooms and a bath, as follows: parlor, reception room, library, dining room, four bedrooms, kitchen and servants room, bathroom, servants water closet, and butlers pantry. The building also contained twelve bachelor suites of two rooms</p><br>
<p>and a bath apiece.</p><br>
<p>When constructed, the building was wired for doorbells and electric lights, and piped for gas and hot and cold running water. Heating was provided by low-pressure steam.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s the buildings were reworked into one-bedroom and two-bedroom apartments. The buildings are now served by Best Choice Apartments Shortill Realty. The firm is located on the first floor of the Montrose Building. The buildings have been well cared for and many original details remain.</p><br>
<p>The East Cambridge Historic District encompasses the historic center of East Cambridge, Massachusetts. It includes the major buildings that were built to house county services for Middlesex County beginning in the 1810s, and a cluster of largely vernacular Greek Revival worker housing located west of the county complex on Otis, Thorndike, Spring, and Sciarappa Streets. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Before the turn of the 19th century, the East Cambridge area was historically isolated from the rest of Cambridge by marshy land that was only filled in much later. The first organized development attempt, by the Lechmere Point Corporation, was begun around that time, and resulted in the layout of a rectilinear street grid in the area, the first planned land use of its type in the Boston area. The area&#39;s growth was the result of two key decisions: the first was the granting of land to the county for new facilities, and the second was the establishment of the New England Glass Company, which spurred both residential construction and other industrial development.</p><br>
<p>Major landmarks from the early years of East Cambridge&#39;s development are the 1827 Federal-style church at, built as a Congregational church and based on an Asher Benjamin design, and the Charles Bulfinch-designed county courthouse, which has been surrounded by a complex of sympathetically-designed buildings, including the brick Queen Anne Putnam School. The major surviving industrial facility in the district is the Davenport factory, bounded by Otis, Thorndike, and First Streets, in which a high-profile furniture manufacturer operated into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Vernacular worker&#39;s housing in late Federal and Greek Revival style were built in some quantity in the area, examples of which survive on Otis Street. A few Second Empire rowhouses were also built, in a simpler emulation of more sophisticated styles found in Boston. Few houses were built after about 1890; there are only a few examples of the Queen Anne and Colonial Revivals.</p><br>
<p>The Follen Street Historic District is a historic district in Cambridge, Massachusetts, just northwest of the Cambridge Common. Follen Street is a quiet residential street, isolated from through streets by large masonry buildings that front on Waterford Street and Garden Street. All but three of the houses on the street were built no later than 1900, and show a remarkable quality of workmanship, despite being diverse in their styles. A number of the houses are specifically associated with educators, including a number of Harvard University professors. The Edwin Abbot House at 1 Follen Street. is now the main building of the Longy School of Music of Bard College, and is separately listed on the National Register. Other houses listed separately include the Theodore W. Richards House at 15 Follen, the Second Waterhouse House at 9 Follen, and 10 Follen Street.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Fresh Pond Parkway is an historic park and parkway, found in the westernmost neighborhoods of Cambridge, Massachusetts. The parkway was built in 1899 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Fresh Pond Parkway is a four-lane road (two lanes in each direction) stretching from Mount Auburn Street on its southern end to a rotary at Concord Avenue and Alewife Brook Parkway to the north. Much of the parkway acts as eastern boundary for portions of the city&#39;s municipal Fresh Pond reservoir area and also serves to connect the reservoir to the Charles River Reservation.</p><br>
<p>The parkway is part of Massachusetts Route 2 (Route 2) and USA Route 3 (US 3) for its entire length. The portion north of Huron Avenue is also part of Route 16.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>The Fresh Pond Parkway begins at a large interchange with Mount Auburn Street, a major east-west road in western Cambridge, and Gerry&#39;s Landing Road, which serves as the connection between the parkway and Memorial Drive, Greenough Boulevard, and the Eliot Bridge over the Charles River. A median initially separates the north and southbound lanes, which gradually narrows to little more than a jersey barrier at the intersection with Brattle Street, about 0.25 mi to the northwest. This section bisects Lowell Memorial Park, with the Elmwood estate the only residence on the east.</p><br>
<p>North of Brattle Street, the parkway has no median. In 0.4 mi it reaches Huron Avenue, where Massachusetts Route 16 joins the roadway from the west. This section is residential on both sides. The entire southern portion of the parkway is canopied by mature trees, and has concrete sidewalks on each side, separate by a narrow green strip.</p><br>
<p>North of the Huron Avenue junction, the road turns northeast to skirt around Fresh Pond, crossing the former Watertown Branch Railroad right-of-way, and running for 0.5 mi to a rotary with Concord Avenue. It remains residential on the east side, until Lexington Avenue, when that side becomes commercial. The west side is lined by the Fresh Pond Reservation, with southbound access to a public parking area (limited to city residents) and the facilities of the Cambridge public water supply. From the rotary it proceeds west about 0.2 mi to its end at a larger rotary, where Concord Avenue continues west, and the Alewife Brook Parkway continues north, carrying all three numbered route designations. The south side of this section continues to be the Fresh Pond Reservation, and the north side is heavily commercialized.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A northbound parkway from the Charles River through western Cambridge was proposed by landscape designer Charles Eliot as early as 1892. Eliot, a Cambridge resident, had already assisted the city in laying out the Fresh Pond Reservation lands, and believed a parkway would provide improved access between the Charles River and the Middlesex Fells Reservation. In 1898 the Metropolitan Parks Commission, predecessor to the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) and todays Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), began acquiring land for the parkway with the purchase of Lowell Park, formerly a portion of the Elmwood estate. Land takings continued in 1899, and the section between Gerrys Landing and Huron Avenue was completed in 1900. The northern section was completed 1928-1930, following disputes between the MDC and the city over its route and funding. The connection of Gerry&#39;s Landing Road to Eliot Bridge, colloquially considered part of the parkway, was not completed until 1958.</p><br>
<h2>In media</h2><br>
<p>In February 2010, CBS-television affiliate WBZ questioned whether the remaining 118 rotaries such as the ones featured at Fresh Pond Parkway and Alewife Brook Parkway should be scrapped across Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washington, also known as Fort Washington Park, is a historic site at 95 Waverly Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was built by soldiers of the Continental Army under the orders of George Washington in November 1775. It is the oldest surviving fortification from the American Revolutionary War and the only surviving fortification from the Siege of Boston. Fort Washington was placed on the List of Registered Historic Places in Massachusetts on April 3, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>American Revolution</h3><br>
<p>In a letter to Joseph Reed written at Cambridge in November 1775, George Washington wrote, "I have caused two three gun half moon batteries to be thrown up for occasional use."</p><br>
<p>At the time these small fortifications were constructed, Henry Knox was on his way to Fort Ticonderoga to get the best of the cannons which were there and at Fort Crown Point, a three-month exercise known as the noble train of artillery. The troops needed to be trained in constructing works in which the guns could be mounted promptly.</p><br>
<h3>Post war</h3><br>
<p>The property was acquired by the City of Cambridge and restored in 1857, at which time three 18-pounder cannons from the old Fort Winthrop, located on Governor&#39;s Island, were installed, and an elaborate granite and iron fence was designed by architect John R. Hall to protect the site.</p><br>
<p>A description of the property at the time of that transfer was later compiled by local historians:</p><br>
<p>The Cambridge city directory of 1861 reported the earthworks to be five years old in appearance and in excellent condition; the total cost of Fort Washington Park, was $9,504.05. In 1965 the state passed legislation authorizing the city of Cambridge to transfer the park to the United States government as a historic landmark.</p><br>
<p>The property remains a city park and is designated an historic district of the City of Cambridge. The park was rededicated on October 3, 2009, Cambridgeport History Day, following restoration work. What remains today are only grassy embankments, not substantial fortifications.</p><br>
<h2>Cannons</h2><br>
<p>The guns standing in the embrasures are 18-pounders and were cast during or shortly after the Revolution. The two 18-pound cannon at Stonington were cast in 1781 in Salisbury, Connecticut during the Revolution. There are also two 18-pound cannon at Mount Defiance in Ticonderoga, New York which are also from the Revolution and of a similar cast.</p><br>
<p>The three 18-pounders were among those over-age cannon that were removed from the original Fort Warren on Governors Island, when a new Fort Warren was built on Georges Island. Mr. Marcus Morton, of Cambridge, learned by correspondence with the Historical Section of the Chief of Ordnance in Washington, in 1942, that the gun carriages were cast by the West Point Foundry on the Hudson River, and he discovered in the city records that it cost the city $13.50 to bring these guns from Governor&#39;s Island to Cambridge.</p><br>
<p>These cannon are identical, except for the numbers and weights marked upon them. They are numbered 45, 36, and 40; and their weighs are shown as 30-0-13, 30-0-17, and 30-0-16, respectively, (in cwt., qrs., and lbs.). Those figures correspond to 3375, 3377, and 3376 pounds. The bore is approximately 5 5/8 inches; the diameter of an 18-pound sphere of cast iron is 5.1 inches; the excess diameter of the bore (called windage) was usually about ¼ inch, or a little bit more, to allow for irregularities in the bore of the guns and the casting of the balls. The next larger standard size for cannon of that period was 24 lb., which would require a bore of at least 5.9 inches.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The following images are from the Library of Congress, Historic American Buildings Survey, Survey number HABS MA-2-48,</p><br>
<p>MARCH 1934:.</p><br>
<p>The Fresh Pond Hotel is an historic former hotel at 234 Lakeview Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The three story wood frame hotel was built in 1796 by Jacob Wyeth. Jacob was a graduate of Harvard, Class of 1792, and on 20 Sept 1796 he bought 8 acre from his father, bordering on Fresh Pond, and erected the "Fresh Pond Hotel", which was a popular resort. He managed the hotel until he accumulated a large estate and retired from active business, and leased the hotel to his nephew, Jonas Wyeth, who also retired with a satisfactory fortune, about 1840. Jacob Wyeth resided on the estate until 14 Jan 1857, when he died at nearly 93 years of age.</p><br>
<p>The building, originally in the Federal style, was updated to the Greek Revival style in 1838, and converted into a convent in 1886. In 1892 the hotel was moved from its original location at Fresh Pond to 234 Lakeview Avenue. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Leopold in Bellingham, Washington was built in 1889 and originally named the Byron Hotel after its owner Captain H.C. Byron. Byron owned the hotel until 1910 when Leopold F. Schmidt  purchased the Byron for $100,000. One famous fact about the hotel was the home  of famous Alaskan artist Sydney Laurence; however given his economic situation, he was unable to pay his bill in cash so instead traded Schmidt paintings for his room. To this day, the Schmidt family has one of the largest private collections of his work. The hotel was the place of Leopold&#39;s death on September 24, 1914.</p><br>
<p>The hotels name was soon changed to The Hotel Leopold as a token of appreciation by the hotels investors. When Schmidt originally purchased the hotel, it only held 93 rooms.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, The Leopold became a retirement living community and underwent a significant renovation. The Leopold is currently home to approximately 100 retirement-age residents.</p><br>
<p>The Leopold was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 19, 1982</p><br>
<p>Montecito Apartments is a large apartment building in Hollywood, California, USA. It was built in 1935 in the zig-zag Art Deco style and was the home for many Hollywood celebrities, including James Cagney, Mickey Rooney and Montgomery Clift. It was also Ronald Reagan’s first home when he moved to Hollywood in 1937. In 1985, the building was converted to a low-income housing project for senior citizens.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in 1935 with 95 units at a cost of $1 million. The building is a classic Art Deco design with Mayan influences and windows arranged in vertical blinds.</p><br>
<h2>Home for Ronald Reagan and other actors</h2><br>
<p>The Montecito was once frequented by movie stars, especially New York based actors while working in Hollywood. It was Ronald Reagan’s first residence when he moved to Hollywood; Reagan lived at the Montecito from June 1937 to late 1938. Reagan was said to have been roommates at the Montecito with Mickey Rooney. Other celebrities who have lived at the Montecito include James Cagney, George C. Scott, Montgomery Clift, Geraldine Page, Don Johnson, Sal Mineo, and Ben Vereen.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation and conversion to senior housing</h2><br>
<p>In 1970, rents ranged from $180 to $400 for furnished apartments.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the owners obtained grants and loans from the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency (“CRA”) and HUD to rehabilitate the building and convert it into 180 apartments for low income senior citizens. In 1988, the Los Angeles Conservancy presented an award to the Montecito for the redevelopment project.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, the owners defaulted on loans, and Bank of America foreclosed on the building. The foreclosure triggered CRA losses that amount to $8.2 million.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>In 1985, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Montecito has been described as “one of the finest examples of the Art Deco style, with Mayan influence detailing.”</p><br>
<p>Merchants Square is a 20th-century interpretation of an 18th-century-style retail village in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Conceived in 1927 by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and Reverend W. A. R. Goodwin, Merchants Square is considered to be one of the first planned shopping districts in the United States, if not the first. Small shops throughout Williamsburg would move into a centrally located area that used architecture that was in harmony with the restoration’s character.</p><br>
<p>Most of the stores and shops are located on Duke of Gloucester Street (DoG St.) right across from The College of William & Mary’s campus. To keep the area as close to historical accuracy as possible, all telephone wires were placed underground, and modern day technologies such as air-conditioning ducts and garage equipment were hidden with shrubs and plantings.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Today there are over 40 shops and restaurants located in Merchants Square. The area is also used for other purposes, such as seasonal concerts, a farmers&#39; market, and special movie screenings.</p><br>
<p>Shag Rock is a small rocky island in the Wallabi Group of the Houtman Abrolhos.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is located at 28&deg;28&prime;33&Prime;S latitude, 113&deg;42&prime;44&Prime;E longitude, about 1.5 km east of West Wallabi Island. Its nearest neighbour is Plover Island, about 700 m away. The island has an area of about 0.1 hectare, and a maximum elevation of 3 m. It is uninhabited, and devoid of human infrastructure.</p><br>
<p>This island should not be confused with the rocky island that lies to the west of North Island. The latter has no gazetted name, but is informally known as "Shag Rock".</p><br>
<h2>Geology and physiography</h2><br>
<p>Shag Rock is essentially an outcrop of Wallabi Limestone, a dense calcretised, coral limestone platform that underlies the entire Wallabi Group. This platform, which arises abruptly from a flat shelf, is about 40 m thick, and is of Quaternary origin. Reef that formed during the Eemian Stage (about 125,000 years ago), when sea levels were higher than at present, are now emergent in places, and constitute the basement of the group&#39;s "central platform" islands, of which Shag Island is one.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>About half of the island, including most of its centre, is rock with no vegetation cover. A very small area just south of the centre is vegetated by Tecticornia halocnemoides (Shrubby Samphire). The remainder of the island, predominantly the northern third and a patch in the south west, is vegetated by Atriplex cinerea (Grey Saltbush), Nitraria billardierei (Nitre Bush) and Pittosporum phylliraeoides (Weeping Pittosporum).</p><br>
<p>The Bartlett–Russell–Hedge House is a historic house located at 32 Court Street in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Built in 1803, it is a fine local example of Federal architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 30, 1976. It is presently part of a larger building that houses financial services businesses.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bartlett-Russell-Hedge House is located in the center of Plymouth, on the south side of Cour Street at its junction with Russell Street. It is a three story painted brick building, with a hip roof surrounded by a low balustrade and topped by a cupola. It is five bays wide and three deep, with a symmetrically arranged front facade. The outer bays have sash windows set in rectangular openings, with smaller windows on the third floor. The main entrance is in the center bay; it is accessed by a short flight of side-facing stone steps, and is sheltered by a roughly rectangular portico supported by paired paneled square columns in front and pilasters in the back. The center portion of the portico has a slightly rounded projection, and is topped by a balustrade. On the second floor above is a Palladian window, while the third-floor window is a three-part window lacking the Palladian rounded arch at the center.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1803 for Joseph Bartlett, a ships captain. After suffering financial reverses due to the War of 1812, his son William took over the property, converting it to an inn. It was here that his son John was spent his early years; he would later achieve fame as the publisher of Bartletts Familiar Quotations. The next owner, Nathaniel Russell, owned a local iron manufacturing business. His granddaughter married into the family of Barnabas Hedge, one of his business partners, and eventually inherited the property. In 1951, the Hedge family sold the house to a bank, which made additions to the rear to accommodate its business. The modern attachments to the structure have since been extended further, but the house interior still retains many original features.</p><br>
<p>The Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church and Parsonage is an historic church and parsonage at 6 Sever Street in Plymouth, Massachusetts. The congregation, founded in 1866, is one of a small number of African Methodist Episcopal  congregations in eastern Massachusetts, and is an enduring component of the small African-American community in Plymouth. Its church, built about 1840 as a commercial building and consecrated in 1870, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bethel AME Church is located a short south of Plymouth&#39;s downtown Main Street area, on the south side of Sever Street west of Russell Street. It is located in a densely built residential area. The church is a modest 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It exhibits transitional Greek Revival-Italianate styling, with corner pilasters, paired brackets in the eaves, and gable end returns. The main facade is symmetrical, with paired sash windows flanking the center entrance. The windows are topped by bracketed projecting cornices and are articulated by narrow pilasters. The entrance is simply framed, and is sheltered by a gabled portico with Doric columns. The parsonage house is a vernacular 1-1/2 story wood frame house located about 20 ft behind the church; it was built in 1895.</p><br>
<p>The church buildings construction date is unknown: the lot was empty in 1830, and the building stood there on an 1858 map. It was apparently built for commercial purposes, housing diverse businesses such as gymnasium, shoe shop, and school, prior to its acquisition by the AME congregation in 1870. Plymouth has historically had a small African-American population, which was in 1850 recorded to number 138. Members of this population organized the AME congregation in 1866, meeting in a small converted house on Billington Street. Seeking a larger space, the congregation purchased this building in 1870. Most of the congregations pastors were either unpaid or little-paid, and many served the congregation only a short time, often supplementing their religious mission with other work.</p><br>
<p>The Harlow Old Fort House is a historic First Period house at 119 Sandwich Street in Plymouth, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sergeant William Harlow built the house in 1677 using timbers from the Pilgrims original fort on Burial Hill built in 1621–1622. Harlow received permission to use the timbers after the fort was torn down at the end of King Philips War in 1677. The Harlow family owned the house for nearly 250 years until the Plymouth Antiquarian Society acquired the building and hired Joseph Everett Chandler to restore the plasterwork in the house. The Antiquarian Society opened it to the public in 1921. In 1974 the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The house is still open to the public and features seventeenth-century re-enactors.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Bradford–Union Street Historic District encompasses a waterfront residential area of Plymouth, Massachusetts, developed in the mid-19th for workers in local maritime and other industries. It is centered at the junction of Bradford and Union Streets, across Town Brook from downtown Plymouth. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Plymouth was settled in 1620, and developed in the 18th century as a maritime center. In the 19th century, it expanded as services for this activity grew. In 1812 the first wharf southeast of the mouth of Town Brook was built by Samuel Doten; it is now the site of a yacht club. Residences were built on the roads facing the waterfront, and on the roads rising up the hill to the south. Union Street parallels the shore, providing access to the waterfront properties, and Bradford Street and Water Streets rise southwest to join it to Sandwich Street, for many years the principal through coast road. The Bradford Street area was developed in part as a speculative venture by Alden Harlow in the 1840s, giving the area most of its character. Harlow built a number of vernacular 1-1/2 story cottages with three-bay fronts, which are the single most numerous housing type in the district.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is centered on the junction of Bradford and Union Streets. It extends southeastward along Union Street for a short distance, and northwest to the junction with Water Street. In addition to including the entirety of Bradford Street, it includes houses located on the adjacent roads: Emerald, Freedom, and Watercure Streets. The district is about 7 acre in size, and is now almost entirely residential in character, the industries on which its growth was based having either been demolished or severely altered. The principal surviving element of industry is visible in the brick structure of the Plymouth Marine Company at Union and Water Streets.</p><br>
<p>The Jabez Howland House is a historic house at 33 Sandwich Street in Plymouth, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of this two-story wood frame house was built by Jacob Mitchell (son of Pilgrim Experience Mitchell) in 1667, and purchased by Jabez Howland, son of Mayflower passengers John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley Howland, two of the original Pilgrims. John and Elizabeth Howland lived in Jabez Howland&#39;s home after their own house burned. John Howland died in 1674 and Elizabeth lived there until the house was sold in 1680 and Jabez Howland moved to Rhode Island. Elizabeth moved to the home of her daughter, Lydia Browne, in Swansea, where she died in 1687. The Jabez Howland House was owned as a private residence until 1915. Extensive restoration of the property took place in the 1940s to return it to its 17th century appearance. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Pilgrim John Howland Society owns and operates the house as a historic house museum that has been restored and decorated with 17th-century period furnishings. The house is open for tours from Memorial Day through Columbus Day.</p><br>
<p>The Old County Courthouse  is an historic court house on Leyden Street and Market Street in the Town Square of Plymouth, Massachusetts. Built in 1749, the two story wood frame building is believed to be the oldest wooden courthouse in the United States; it stands on the site of the first  courthouse built by Plymouth Colony settlers, and may incorporate elements of a 1670 building. It is five bays wide and three deep, with a center entry flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by a gabled pediment. It was built by Peter Oliver, and initially served as both a courthouse and as town offices. It was converted to solely municipal use in 1821, and had a myriad of municipal functions since then. In the 1970s it was converted into a museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is now known as the 1749 Court House and Museum, and is open from June to September with exhibits of early Plymouth history.</p><br>
<p>The Plymouth Village Historic District is a historic district encompassing part of the area of earliest settlement of the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts. It includes properties in an area roughly bounded on the west by North Street, on the north by Water Street on the east by Town Brook, and on the south by Court Street and Main Street. The area includes Leyden Street and streets that were laid out as early as 1633, and nearby are some of Plymouth&#39;s oldest surviving houses , Harlow Old Fort House , and Jabez Howland House ). The site is near Plymouth Rock where the Pilgrims landed in 1620 and the Pilgrim Hall Museum containing many of their surviving artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Town Brook Historic and Archeological District is a historic district encompassing much of the length of Town Brook in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and its surrounding landscape. This area has an industrial history that extends to 1620, when the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower and established Plymouth Colony. It extends roughly from the crossing of Billington Street , to the mouth of the brook in Plymouth Harbor. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The district includes historical and archaeological resources that span more than three centuries. Included in these resources are four mill ponds, dams, herring runs, mill privileges (sites where mill operators were authorized to divert water, where industrial archaeological remains may be found), and a variety of housing from nearly every significant period in that time. The oldest house in the district is the Richard Sparrow House, built in 1640; it is also the oldest building standing in Plymouth.</p><br>
<p>The mills erected by the early settlers provided basic functions: they were used to saw wood and grind grain. As Plymouth prospered and grew, smaller industrial operations harness the brooks water power to perform other functions. During the 19th century, the nations industrialization reached Town Brook, and mill complexes of larger size were also built. Around the turn of the 20th century mills for processing iron in a variety of ways were established, some of whose buildings still survive today. A significant number of industrial properties from the 19th century were lost, often to fire, in the 20th century. In the early 20th century interest in the area&#39;s rich history led to the establishment in the 1920s of Brewster Gardens, a public park near the nouth of the brook. Near the park is the Jenney Grist Mill, a 1970 reconstruction of an early grist mill which burned in 1837.</p><br>
<p>The First Parish Church is a historic Unitarian Universalist  church at Tremont and Depot Streets in Duxbury, Massachusetts. First Parish Church is currently a member congregation of the Unitarian Universalist Association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Duxbury congregation was founded in 1632 by Elder William Brewster as a Christian Separatist church with early members coming from the First Parish Church in Plymouth, the oldest church in New England. In the beginning, the church likely met in congregants homes until the first meeting house was built near what is today known as Miles Standish Burial Ground. The Duxbury congregation became a parish church of Massachusetts Congregationalist state church. A schism developed at the turn of the 19th century, when much of the congregation adopted Unitarianism along with many of the other state churches in Massachusetts. State churches were officially disaffiliated with the Massachusetts government in 1834. The current church building was constructed in 1840. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Alexander Standish House is a historic house at 341 Standish Street in Duxbury, Massachusetts. It has been claimed that this house was built in 1666 by Alexander Standish , son of Mayflower Pilgrim, Capt. Myles Standish, but architectural analysis of the building suggests a mid-18th century construction date. Documentary evidence is also weak, suggesting that when the property passed to Alexander Standish&#39;s grandson in 1739, the house standing on it did not resemble this one. The house is a 1-1/2 story gambrel-roofed wood-frame structure, with five bays on the front facade and a central chimney, on which the date "1666" has been painted. It has been relatively little-altered since c. 1879, when a lithograph was made.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Capt. Gamaliel Bradford House is an historic house at 942 Tremont Street in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Built in 1807, the house is locally distinctive for its brick side walls and monitor section above the hip roof. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Captain Gamaliel Bradford House stands in the central eastern part of Duxbury, on the west side of Tremont Street (Massachusetts Route 3A), south of Harrison Street and north of Duxbury Town Hall. It is a 2-1/2 story frame structure, roughly square in plan, with a hip roof topped by a square monitor section. It is finished in clapboards, except for the sidewalls, which are brick, and is set with a side facing the street. The main facade, facining north, is three bays wide, with a center entrance sheltered by a Doric porch. A similar but simpler entry is located on the south-facing rear facade. The interior of the house follows a typical central hall plan, and retains original period wood paneling. A two-story addition projects west of the main block, behind the rear entry. The property also includes a 19th-century barn and a small cottage, built about 1840 out of materials salvaged from a nearby church.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1807 for Gamaliel Bradford, member of a prominent local family. A ship&#39;s captain, he served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and later served as a trustee of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The United States Navy destroyer USS Bradford is named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>The Old Shipbuilders Historic District is a 287 acre historic district in Duxbury, Massachusetts. The district includes both sides of Washington Street extending from South Duxbury  to Powder Point Avenue, including several side streets off of Washington and a small portion of St. George Street and Powder Point Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. In 1986, the district included 143 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The district was selected for inclusion in the National Register because it embodies the distinctive characteristics of Duxbury, Massachusetts during the community&#39;s heyday as a center of shipbuilding and maritime commerce. Within the district are scores of houses which are well-preserved examples of early 19th century architecture. The great majority of the structures are of the Federal style and were constructed between 1800 and 1820. There are also some examples of Greek Revival and Victorian architecture.</p><br>
<p>Washington Street, which makes up the bulk of the district, runs two miles along the shore of Duxbury Bay from Halls Corner to the Bluefish River and slightly beyond. First laid out in 1798, the street was, at the time, a controversial scheme concocted by several up-and-coming shipbuilders. These men, including Ezra Weston I, Ezra Weston II, Seth Sprague and Joshua Winsor, were among the first in the community to take advantage of the post-Revolution economic boom and each built substantial fleets of fishing schooners. Their new wealth commanded attention and respect in the community, however they met with opposition from the bulk of residents when they proposed the construction of a north-south avenue along the shore. Prior to 1798, Duxburys shore was only accessible by crude cart paths. In order for maritime commerce to thrive, the shipbuilders required an avenue running along the water which would allow convenient placement of shipyards, warehouses, stores, wharves, and boarding houses. Although the proposal caused uproar at Duxbury Town Meetings for several years, even ending up in court with the shipbuilders suing the Town for refusing to construct the avenue, the project, including a wooden drawbridge over the Bluefish River, was eventually completed in 1803.</p><br>
<p>Immediately after its construction, sea captains, shipwrights and merchants began building attractive homes on Washington Street. The shipyards and wharves are now gone, but the houses remain and collectively provide a sense of the character of early 19th century Duxbury. The avenue that at first caused so much consternation is now one of Duxbury most treasured historic resources.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Winsor, Jr. House, built 1807</p><br>
<p>Wright Memorial Library, more commonly known as the "Wright Building," is a historic library at 147 St. George Street in Duxbury, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Wright Building was donated to the Town of Duxbury by Georgianna Wright (1837–1919), an influential citizen of Duxbury and philanthropist. In 1890, Wright had donated her guest house to serve as the first Duxbury Free Library. The wooden building soon grew too cramped and by 1906, Wright decided to fund the construction of a new building. Sparing no expense, she hired a well-known architect, Joseph Everett Chandler, to design a brick library in the colonial revival style. Other projects by Chandler include the Frederic Adams Library in Kingston, Massachusetts and the restoration of the Paul Revere House in Boston, Massachusetts. The cornerstone was laid in 1907 and the building completed in 1909. A newspaper reporter present at the dedication noted some of the library’s impressive features, including electric lighting and a reading room paneled in black cypress with gilded accents.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1997, the Duxbury Free Library moved to new quarters, leaving the Wright Building empty. Used sporadically by various organizations for a few years, by 2004 the Wright Building was vacant and suffering decay. By a vote of Duxbury Town Meeting, Community Preservation Funds were appropriated and the Town of Duxbury undertook the extensive restoration of the building. The 1909 portion of the library was outfitted for use by the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society for their Drew Archival Library where historic documents are preserved. The 1968 addition was refurbished for use by the Duxbury Student Union Association. The Wright Building was re-dedicated on September 22, 2007, just slightly over one hundred years after the cornerstone was laid. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in July 2007.</p><br>
<p>Bickle Knob is a mountain summit located east of Elkins in Randolph County, West Virginia, USA. Easily accessible during warm-weather months, Bickle Knob is also home to one of the few remaining observation towers in Monongahela National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Observation tower</h2><br>
<p>The most prominent feature at Bickle Knob is its observation tower. Formerly a fire tower, the original cab has been removed and replaced with a wooden viewing platform. The observation tower provides 360-degree views of the surrounding area including the Shavers Fork River, Tygart Valley River valley, and the USA Route 33 crossing of Cheat Mountain. The tower is not handicapped-accessible.</p><br>
<h2>Other facilities</h2><br>
<p>A pit toilet is located at Bickle Knob. The site formerly featured a small picnic ground, which has since been removed.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Bickle Knob is located at the end of Forest Route 91A, a spur from Stuart Memorial Drive (FR 91). Both roads are gravel but can easily be traversed by normal passenger cars. Stuart Memorial Drive is a scenic path as it traces the edge of the Shavers Fork canyon. Due to the high elevation of the area and the fact that FR 91 is not plowed in the winter, the road may be hazardous when snow is present.</p><br>
